Fluorescein can check blood vessels for leaks or hemorrhage {angiography}|.
Kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and cells cause blood changes {blood, tests}.
kidney disease
Kidneys excrete blood nitrogen {blood urea nitrogen} (BUN) in urea. Kidneys excrete muscle-catabolism product {creatinine}. Kidneys have filtration rate {estimated glomerular filtration rate} (eGFR). Tests {BUN/creatinine ratio} can measure dehydration.
liver disease
Hemoglobin catabolism products {bilirubin} can indicate liver or gall-bladder problems. Other tests are liver protein {albumin, blood test}, liver and immune-system protein {globulin, blood test}, liver or kidney imbalance {albumin/globulin ratio}, liver disease or inflammation {aminotransferase} (AST) {alanine aminotransferase} (ALT), and bile duct, liver, or bone metabolism {alkaline phosphatase}.
diabetes
High glucose concentration after fasting indicates diabetes.
electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and carbon-dioxide concentrations can indicate thyroid and adrenal diseases.
proteins
High protein concentration {total protein} indicates inflammation, infection, or bone disease. Low hemoglobin concentration indicates anemia. High hemoglobin concentration indicates polycythemia.
lipids
Triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are lipid tests. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is total minus high-density minus triglycerides divided by 5. Total cholesterol can divide by HDL {chol/HDLC ratio}.
cells
Few precipitated cells in hematocrit indicate anemia. Platelet concentration {platelet count} indicates clotting problems. White blood cells include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Other tests are cell concentration {complete blood count} (CBC) {red blood cell count} {white blood cell count}, red-blood-cell volume {mean corpuscular volume} (MCV), hemoglobin in red blood cells {mean corpuscular hemoglobin} (MCH) {mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration} (MCHC), red-cell volume variation {red cell distribution width} (RDW), and platelet age {mean platelet volume} (MPV).
Methods {cardiogram}| measures heart signals.
Blood proteins {C-reactive protein} (CRP) {high sensitive C-reactive protein} (hs-CRP) can indicate chronic inflammation and correlate with atherosclerosis.
Devices can measure heart electric signals {electrocardiogram}| (ECG).
4-Medicine-Medical Examination-Tests
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Date Modified: 2022.0225